Thesis UC3M: Academic Integrity

A thesis is, by definition, an original work of research ( Art. 13 Royal Decree 99/2011. Rules and Regulations of Ph.D. studies in Spain) and must contain personal contributions and ideas from the Ph.D. candidate. Academic papers must go beyond the reprocessing of information learned in lectures and consulted sources, data analysis and the presentation of results.

Academic and intellectual honesty consists of distinguishing between your own words and ideas and the words and ideas taken from other sources.

Academic dishonesty is reflected in plagiarism, fabrication and falsification, among other conducts.

According to Art. 4 b. of the Code of Good Practice of the UC3M Doctoral School about bibliographic citations “it is absolutely essential in research to recognize contributions with precise citations that clearly identify the researcher’s own work and that of others, so that there are no doubts about the contribution of the research”.

All sources from which the Ph.D candidate obtains information must be acknowledged: to distinguish one’s own words and ideas from those of other sources, but also so that one’s own contributions are acknowledged, establishing them in the context of the subject one is researching and allowing for the verification of the sources.

Quotation: it is the verbatim use of a text extracted from a consulted source, and must be always placed between quotation marks without changing the typography relative to the rest of the text. If the quotation is longer than three lines give its own paragraph. Every quote must always indicate author and source.

Paraphrase: it is the reformulation of words and ideas extracted from a consulted source, in your own words, so that a new and different sentence is created from the original. Your paraphrase should not be placed within quotation marks, but it is always necessary to cite the author and the source.

As a measure of academic honesty, you must properly cite all the documents and other sources of information used in the creation of the work: when in doubt, cite.

To avoid plagiarism, all sources from which information is obtained must be acknowledged. The sources must be properly cited within the text, and the corresponding references must be included in the bibliography at the end of the work. Sources of information might be printed books, journal articles or other documents consulted in the library, and any kind of information obtained from the Internet--text, graphics, etcetera--must also be cited, regardless of whether the author is known, or whether it is copyright-free content.

You can cite and paraphrase other authors’ texts as long as you mention author and source, and within the limits of proportionality and legality.

Spanish law on intellectual property states that the reproduction of other authors’ materials must always be done with the copyright owner’s permission. However, it grants as an exception the “right to quote” to authors of works of research such as theses. In your thesis, you can incorporate fragments of other copyrighted works as quotes without requesting permission from the author, as long as all the following conditions are met:

• the work cited has previously been disseminated
• the fragments are used as quotes, analysis, commentary or critical evaluation
• a proportionate part of the original work is quoted, to an extent that is justified by the purpose
• the author’s name and the original source of the work are properly included in the quote

The use of works in the public domain (no copyright), like classic texts, is free because the patrimonial rights of the author have expired, though not the moral rights, so the author’s name and the source must always be cited. If you use another author’s materials which have free licenses (like Creative Commons), you must also cite the author’s name and the source, respecting the conditions of the license. If you use materials you found on the Internet and they are of spurious or unknown authorship, you must cite their sources, in addition to taking reasonable precautions with regard to their authenticity and accuracy.

Use our Guide for Bibliographic Citations to learn how to write citations and their corresponding bibliographic references in your thesis according to the style or guideline appropriate for the subject.

Keep in mind that you must cite all the materials you use, whether they are books or articles from the library or any other kind of material you found on the Internet. It is necessary to cite both copyrighted works and works in the public domain (these can be used freely but you must always acknowledge the author) or materials with free licenses like Creative Commons (the acknowledgement of which means mentioning four elements: the title, the author, the source and the license).

To plagiarize is “to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own; or to use (another's production) without crediting the source; or to commit literary theft; or to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Whenever you use the material of others, whether from books, articles, images, music, etc., you have to cite the source and the author. If you do not, you are appropriating the product of another person’s work, the result of which is an act of plagiarism. This might even have legal consequences (Art. 270 of the Spanish Penal Code)

The Code of Good Practice of the UC3M Doctoral School considers plagiarism to be “the appropriation of ideas, words, works or any other element without an explicit acknowledgment of its origin. There are rules that delimit the figure of plagiarism, which can ultimately lead to criminal responsibilities. The DS-UC3M rejects behaviors that use plagiarism, self-plagiarism and recycling of text in publications” (Art. 4a). Explicit acknowledgment means bibliographic citations (Art. 4b).

To guarantee compliance with the principles contained in the Code of Good Practice for Managing Plagiarism of Ph.D. Theses prepared by the UC3M Doctoral School, all theses must undergo a plagiarism check prior to the defense of the thesis.

In addition, Spanish Law 3/2022  on university coexistence specifies in its art. 11 g that it is considered a very serious offense "to plagiarize totally or partially a work, or commit academic fraud in the preparation of the Bachelor Thesis or Final Degree Project (TFG), the Master Final Project or Master Thesis (TFM), or the Ph. D. Thesis. Academic fraud will be understood as any premeditated behavior tending to falsify the results of an exam or work, one's own or another's, carried out as a requirement to pass a subject or accredit academic performance".

If you are not sure whether the use you are making of someone else’s material might be considered plagiarism, when in doubt, cite. Proper citation of all sources of information is the best way to avoid voluntary or involuntary plagiarism.

Plagiarism:	Not plagiarism:
Copying word for word someone else's text without citing author and source	Copying a short fragment of someone else’s text and citing the author and the source
Self-plagiarism: copying and reusing one's own text without citing it and mentioning that it is a previous work in "Published and submitted content"	Copying literally and citing as such one’s own previous work in the conditions set forth by the ED-UC3M for “Published and submitted content”
Poor paraphrasing: copying, changing certain words or the order of a sentence of someone else’s work, maintaining the original idea without providing a personal idea	Presenting original ideas based on the knowledge generated by others, or based on common knowledge

We recommend consulting the Turnitin web The Plagiarism Spectrum, which lists 10 kinds of plagiarism and presents very detailed examples of plagiarism, poor paraphrasing and fabrication.

In compliance with the principles contained in the Code of Good Practice for Managing Plagiarism and Dissemination PhD Theses prepared by the UC3M Doctoral School, the university uses the Turnitin Feedback Studio program within “Aula Global” when students submit their research papers. This program compares the originality of the work submitted by each student with millions of electronic resources and detects those parts of the text that have been copied and pasted. If the student has done the citation and the bibliographic reference of the documents they used as sources correctly, Turnitin will not mark them as coinciding with another work (plagiarism), but it will mark them as plagiarism if the student has paraphrased poorly. 

• Consult the Code of Good Practice of the UC3M Doctoral School to learn more about the procedure
• Consult the “Turnitin” section of the “Aula Global” Manual (in Spanish) for UC3M students
• Turnitin UC3M Guide for professors

If students use any free text matching tool alternative to Turnitin we recommend them to consult the conditions of document delivery, to be careful about the rights they transfer when depositing or with the uses this service can make of the document. These tools may not guarantee that Turnitin will not be able to subsequently detect matches in final submissions.

Fabrication and falsification are two very similar manifestations of academic fraud. The Code of Good Practice of the UC3M Doctoral School states in Art. 3 that scientific integrity in the publication of research results consists of “applying the recognized standards in the publication of results derived from projects, avoiding unacceptable behavior such as, for example, duplicate publication, deletion of relevant data or inclusion of false data.”

Fabrication might consist of the creation of false data as opposed to using real and verifiable data to justify some results or, for example, artificially expanding the bibliography by including invented citations of authentic works, citations of works that have not been consulted, or citations of works that do not exist.

Falsification might consist of manipulating authentic data, like concealing data unfavorable to the conclusions that one is trying to reach, or the biased use of data that one has collected, the manipulation of results, the manipulation of the processes of data collection, or the distortion of graphics and images to reach forced conclusions.

The author is the natural person who creates a literary, artistic or scientific work, and to whom the intellectual property rights of the work correspond by the mere fact of having created it. The creator of a thesis at university is the PhD candidate, and therefore the author. As the author of the thesis, you are the owner of the intellectual property rights.

However, there might be circumstances that impinge on the control of these rights and condition the dissemination of the work and its commercial exploitation. When companies or institutions that require confidentiality participate in the development of the thesis, or when the content of the thesis may involve the generation of patents, the UC3M doctoral program will facilitate measures which respect the previously arranged commitments to confidentiality and conditions for commercial exploitation

Likewise, one must always be aware of the possible existence of co-authorships, acknowledging the contributions of authors to a collective work derived from the thesis, whether it is a publication, a patent or another intellectual property title.

Royal Decree 99/2011, from 28 January, by which official doctorate teaching is regulated. Article 14.6: In exceptional circumstances determined by the academic committee of the program, such as, among others, the participation of companies in the program or school, the existence of confidentiality agreements with companies or the possibility of generating patents which involve the content of the thesis, universities will facilitate measures for implementing sections 4 and 5 above (relative to the presentation, defense and electronic archiving of the thesis), which guarantee these aspects will not be publicized.

In the first place, you have moral rights, which are personal rights of the author. These are inalienable and cannot be waived, and they allow you to

• decide whether your work should be disseminated and how
• decide whether your work should be disseminated under your name
• demand to be recognized as the author
• demand respect for the integrity of your work
• modify your work

Secondly, you have patrimonial rights, which are transferable economic rights called exploitation rights. As the author, you can decide about the production, distribution, transformation and public communication of your work,always keeping in mind the exceptional conditions of confidentiality or commercial exploitation that were agreed upon.

Consult the information about patents in the library’s Subject Guide for Engineering.

Consult the UC3M Regulations for the Protection of Research Results (in Spanish) which states that the internal management of industrial and intellectual property rights originating from results of research carried out at the university is the responsibility of the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Science Park.

As an author, you can put your work under a Creative Commons license, which complements the copyright, allowing you to share and reuse published content under certain conditions. We recommend that students use the CC BY NC ND license (Attribution, NonCommercial, NoDerivatives) for their theses so that they can share them pro bono, maintaining their integrity and acknowledging the original authorship..